GPT and gestational diabetes: No significant difference was detected in height, weight gain in the second trimester, FT4, TSH, ALT, AST, BUN, and TC in the first trimester between the NGDM and GDM groups in the modeling cohort (P ≥ 0.05), while significant differences were noted in age, pre-pregnancy weight, mid-pregnancy weight, pre-pregnancy BMI, glycosylated hemoglobin, FT3, GGT, UA, CREA, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and blood glucose at 1 h and 2 h OGTT between the two groups (P < 0.05; Table 1).