TNF and cystic fibrosis: In this study, using a CF mouse model of P. aeruginosa infection, we demonstrate that intratracheal administration of EVs secreted by HBEC reduced P. aeruginosa lung burden and several proinflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), even in the absence of antibiotics.