Conversely, PAPPA levels in GS and AF were higher in the CHD group compared to the control group (3.81 ± 0.554 ng/ml vs 3.245 ± 0.427 ng/ml, P < 0.005; 3.029 ± 0.505 vs 2.684 ± 0.356 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Here, PAPPA is linked to atrial fibrillation.