During AD progression, microglia gradually switched from a homeostatic state to DAM, as evidenced by specific markers (e.g., Csf1, Itgax, Cd63, Ank, Axl, Igf1, Clec7a, Tyrobp, Ctsb, Ctsd, Ctsl, Cd9, Ctsz, Ccl6, Trem2, Spp1, Lpl, Cst7, Apoe). The gene discussed is CTSZ; the disease is Alzheimer disease.