For the subsample of pregnant women in the US (n = 397) and Israel (n = 575) with available laboratory data, the median periconceptional HbA1c levels were highest among those using either insulin or the second-line noninsulin ADM, particularly DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors, relative to other pregnant women with T2D treated with metformin or not treated pharmacologically (eTable 6 in Supplement 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.