INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: For cardiac malformations, the prevalence was similarly elevated among infants born to women with T2D (2.25% vs 1.31% in the full pregnancy cohort) and lower among infants with periconceptional exposure to no ADM (2.30%) or metformin only (2.04%) than among those exposed to insulin (4.20%), sulfonylureas (4.85%), DPP-4 inhibitors (3.26%), GLP-1 receptor agonists (3.22%), and SGLT2 inhibitors (3.88%).