HPSE and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma: In agreement with the observations made using muscle (i.e., classical insulin-target tissue, Figure 1), in pancreatic carcinoma cells overexpression of heparanase also resulted in marked augmentation of signaling along insulin-INSR pathway, reflected by increased levels of pINSR and pAKT in PANC1-hpse cells vs. PANC1-Vo cells (Figures 2A–C).