PB or CSF of ALS patients: show a clonally expanded effector memory CD8+ T cells (Shi et al., 2007; Fiala et al., 2010; Houser et al., 2021; Campisi et al., 2022; Yazdani et al., 2022), secrete increased granzyme B, IL-17, and IL-13 (Shi et al., 2007; Fiala et al., 2010; Yazdani et al., 2022). Mice model of ALS: present in the ALS brains (Campisi et al., 2022). The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.