NLRP3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: NLRP3 inflammasome is hyperactivated in left atrial cells of patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) (43), showing that the NLRP3 inflammasome may have a role in the development of AF.Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and intestinal ecological disorders, can activate NLRP3 inflammasomes and other inflammatory cytokines in atrial cardiomyocytes, leading to atrial lesions and promoting AF (46–49).