CTLA4 and cancer: Up to now, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized the use of a pair of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, along with three anti-PD-1 antibodies and three anti-PD-L1 antibodies for treatment of more than a dozen different cancers (14, 15); Nonetheless, a considerable number of patients continue to encounter restricted advantages concerning their response to therapy and overall survival.