We also provide evidence to suggest that as mild as 10 controlled soccer headers can acutely induce astrocytic activation regardless of ADHD status, as reflected by transient elevation in GFAP levels at 2 h-post heading, and that neuronal axons may respond differently to repetitive head impacts in individuals with ADHD, as reflected by increased NF-L levels in the ADHD group only and increased tau levels in the non-ADHD group only. The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.