TLR4 and colitis: Additional studies in DSS-induced colitis in mice demonstrated that supplementation with B. pseudocatenulatum MY40C and CCFM680 strains alleviated DSS-induced colitis by protecting the intestinal barrier, modulating the gut microbiota, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway [39].