We hypothesized that plasma UCH-L1, NF-L, and GFAP levels would be elevated in children with cerebral malaria or severe malarial anaemia compared with asymptomatic community children and that the elevated levels of these biomarkers would be associated with mortality, neurologic deficits, and worse cognitive Z-scores long-term in survivors of severe malaria. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is anemia (phenotype).