To evaluate whether plasma levels of UCH-L1, NF-L, or GFAP are altered in severe malaria and associated with adverse outcomes, we measured these biomarkers in a cohort of children admitted with cerebral malaria or severe malarial anaemia, compared with asymptomatic community children, using an ultrasensitive single-molecule detection assay for measurement. The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is anemia (phenotype).