Using the same assay for biomarker testing, a study of neonatal encephalopathy with serial sampling found that UCH-L1 levels peak between 0 and 6 h and rapidly decrease by 12 and 24 h whereas GFAP levels peak at 12, 48, and 96 h.45 Another study found that NF-L may be a useful marker for chronic traumatic brain injury detectable up to 180 days.46 Thus, the design of future prospective severe malaria studies should factor in multiple sampling time points during hospitalization and post-discharge. This evidence concerns the gene NEFL and malaria.