In stage IIIB/IV NSCLC, a phase I/IIa trial assessed the safety of CV9201, an mRNA-based immunotherapy encoding five NSCLC tumour antigens (New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1, melanoma antigen family C1/C2, survivin, and trophoblast glycoprotein) (Sebastian M et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene TPBG and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.