TNF and cancer: Once LAB colonizes in GC, it can potentially promote GC via 4 mechanisms: 1) via impact the release of interleukin-1β/17 A/22, 2) via IL-17RC/NF-ᴋB/NOX1 pathway, 3) via gastric inflammatory and cancer-associated genes TNF-α/Ptger4/Tgf-β, 4) via N-nitroso compounds and 5) ROS (Fig. 3c).