TNF and Anxiety: The glutamate transporter, which was decreased in the motor cortex, may play a role in the decreased anxiety-like behavior observed here, as increasing glutamate transporter activity in astrocytes via ceftriaxone administration increases open arm time in mice (Alajaji et al., 2013; Hammad et al., 2021) and reduces the expression of neuroinflammatory factors, e.g., NFĸB, TNF-α (Hammad et al., 2021).