In males, ORs for the development of DN were 1.014 (95% CI 1.010, 1.018), 1.147 (95% CI 1.040, 1.266) and 1.006 (95% CI 1.004, 1.009) for every 1 SD increase in serum VEGF, FPG, and UACR, respectively, after adjusting for the confounding factors (all P < 0.05). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is liver dysplastic nodule.