TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition, the crosstalk between TGF-β and vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) signals in a variety of immune cells, tumor cells, and matrix cells may further promote TGF-β-mediated immunosuppression, which may be a new mechanism for TGF-β to regulate tumor immune escape through immunosuppression in the latest tumor stage (126).