A prospective study of 63 patients with advanced NSCLC taking anti-PD-1 therapy found that β diversity in gut microbiota at baseline was significantly increased in patients with progression-free survival (PFS)≥ 6 months compared with patients with PFS<6 months; The LEfSe analysis suggested that the most significantly associated groups in patients with PFS≥6 months were Paracterium (LDA score=3.8) and Methanobrevibacterium (LDA score=3.4), whereas the PFS<6 months group was rich in Veillonella, Seleniomonas, and Negativicutes. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.