CCL5 and neoplasm: For example, the abnormally elevated expression of CCL5 in ccRCC tissues may promote the malignant progression of ccRCC by regulating the polarization state of tumor-associated macrophages and participating in the remodeling of the TME, leading to a poor prognosis; Concurrently, the expression level of CCL5 is positively correlated with the infiltrating abundance of CD8+ T cells and the expression of immune checkpoints, which are potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers (5).