PPARGC1A and acute kidney injury: Epigenetic mechanisms control the expression of these inflammatory factors, such as crotonate increases histone crotonylation, PGC1a and SIRT3 expression, and CCL2 expression in tubular epithelial cells, which acts as a chemokine that promotes renal inflammation, and its decreased expression can alleviate renal injury at the onset of AKI (Naidoo et al., 2018; Martinez-Moreno et al., 2020b; Ramos-Lopez et al., 2021).