TNF and epilepsy: Interestingly, seizures lead to expression of TNF-α in the hippocampus and increase seizure sensitivity through activation of TNFR1, while activation of TNFR2 plays an antiepileptic role in vivo (Weinberg et al., 2013), Lack of TNFR2 or both led to increased epilepsy sensitivity in mice (Balosso et al., 2005).