MD subjects, compared to healthy controls, showed upregulated levels of Nrf2 and Nrf2-dependent proteins (vitagenes) such as HO-1 and γ-GC lyase, as well as Hsp70, Trx and sirtuin-1, associated with increased oxidative stress, as shown by HNE, protein carbonyls and ultra-weak chemiluminescence, measured in lymphocytes, which was associated with a significant decrease in the plasma GSH/GSSG ratio [64]. Here, HMOX1 is linked to Menkes disease.