In a human hBMECs in vitro BBB model, the meningitic E. coli PCN033 strain (at the multiplicity of infection (MOI)=10, ~ 108 colony-forming units (CFUs)) significantly upregulated the transcription of platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) and ICAM-1, which reduces any accompanying infection [207]. The gene discussed is ICAM1; the disease is infection.