In particular, the phosphorylation of the Erk1/2 in AD- and AS-HPFs was upregulated 6.0–6.9-fold compared to PD- and PS-HPFs (Fig. 9a), whereas the phosphorylation of Akt increased by 19.3–26.1-fold (Fig. 9b). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and Alzheimer disease.