PDCD1 and neoplasm: Since the tumor inhibition effect of low-dose anti-PD-1 antibody (20 μg per mouse) was lower than that of high-dose anti-PD-1 antibody (100 μg per mouse) and ibuprofen could inhibit HCC by suppressing itaconate-mediated T-cell exhaustion, we subsequently investigated whether the combination of low-dose anti-PD-1 antibody and low-dose ibuprofen has a synergistic inhibitory effect on HCC progression.