The dysregulation of many nutrients and metabolites in the TME, including glucose, glutamine, arginine, lactate, and succinate, has been proven to play vital roles in tumorigenesis by directly acting on tumor cells or by reshaping the function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs, for example, macrophages, NK cells, and CD8+ T cells)21,30. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.