INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In the cardiometabolic (CM) field, recent data reported that vitamin D supplementation improves left ventricular dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced type 2 diabetes (10 weeks); at the 25th week, unsupplemented mice had increased myocardial levels of two lipotoxic species, Cer and diacylglycerol (DAG), which correlated with adverse effects at the cardiomyocyte level (e.g., ventricular hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered insulin signaling), which were normalized by vitamin D3 supplementation [48].