It is also well known that insulin resistance is linked to SL metabolism: specifically, ceramides play a role in downstream insulin receptor signaling pathways, e.g., phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, activation of Akt/PKB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, blocking the translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4, and apoptosis of pancreatic β-cell [61,62]. Here, AKT1 is linked to Insulin resistance.