INS and Obesity: Noteworthy is the role of vitamin D in metabolic alterations (e.g., obesity and type 2 diabetes), which are highly involved in the onset and development of cardiovascular (CV) disease; indeed, low vitamin D levels have been associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, whereas vitamin D supplementation may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients, as well as insulin secretion and sensitivity [7,8].