MSH2 and malignant colon neoplasm: In addition to that, butyrate is capable of promoting carcinogenesis in a genetic mouse model based on mutations in the Apc and the mismatch repair gene Msh2 (ApcMin/+; Msh2−/−) [51], proving the superior inhibitory efficacy of butyrate over propionate and acetate against human colon cancer cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [52].