INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: The biochemical analysis revealed significantly elevated levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and insulin (INS) in mice with NAFLD compared to the control group, as shown in Figure 1G. These findings indicate the successful establishment of an NAFLD mouse model.