Serum cytokine profile analysis in PAN patients has revealed an elevation in interferon-alpha (IFN-⍺), interleukine-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF⍺), and IL-1-ß compared to healthy individuals and those with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) [22]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.