TonEBP, also known as activated T-cells nuclear Factor 5 (NFAT5), is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, salt-sensitive hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma [110,111,112,113,114]. The gene discussed is NFAT5; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.