KEAP1 and infection: In resting cells, Nrf2 is bound to Keap1; however, upon exposure to various stimuli, including reactive oxygen species, nitrogen species, and electrophilic molecules such as FaOH and FaDOH, Nrf2 is activated and released from the Keap1 complex and translocated to the nucleus to activate its target genes recruiting immune cells to the site of infection through the formation of cytokines.