TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: IL-16 has been shown to exert a strong chemoattractant activity on Th cells, activate the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, and TNF-α in human monocytes, and play a key role in inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease, and the progression of certain types of cancers [65,66,67].