INS and cancer: While studies did not provide evidence for decreasing pro-inflammatory biomarkers, one study showed a borderline effect in global DNA methylation (Cocinar para Su Salud), and another study showed cardiometabolic benefits of greater weight loss and fat loss, with improvements in insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR at six months and improvements in glucose and an inflammatory marker related to cancer progression at 12 months (e.g., IGF-1 BP1) [40].