INS and Insulin resistance: In two RCTs, conducted in 52 subjects, levels of fasting blood glucose were 0.16 mmol/L lower in the groups receiving aspartame or a combination of NSSs than in groups receiving sugar (95% confidence interval −0.26 to −0.06); no differences were observed in plasma insulin levels or in insulin resistance and β-cell function as measured by the homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [116,117].