Furthermore, a study by Pine et al., reported similar associations between elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels and lung cancer risk across different racial groups, specifically among African Americans (IL-6 OR [95% CI]: 3.57 [1.94–6.58] and IL-8 OR [95% CI]: 2.20 [1.28–3.79]) and European Americans (IL-6 OR [95% CI]: 1.57 [1.07–2.30] and IL-8 OR [95% CI]: 1.55 [1.06–2.26]). Here, IL6 is linked to lung carcinoma.