Consequently, we could not account for changes in proinflammatory cytokines induced by lifestyle modifications, such as smoking habits (e.g., amount of smoking, tobacco types, favored tobacco products, quit smoking), alcohol consumption, dietary patterns, physical activity, and weight changes etc. Nevertheless, the associations among IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ and the lung cancer risk in this study may not have been distorted, as these were not taken into account in both lung cancer cases and the subcohort. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and lung carcinoma.