SEMA6A and melanoma: These observations were confirmed in malignant glioma [45], gastric cancer [48], oral carcinoma [52], hepatocellular carcinoma [54,55], renal cell carcinoma [58], and melanoma [64,65,66], where SEMA6A activates pro-survival and pro-proliferative cellular signaling, including the PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and NFkB pathways [64].