CSF2 and Alzheimer disease: In addition, IL-18, IFN-γ, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and the dinucleotide CpG also stimulate the synthesis of IL-37, whereas the combination of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4, a key cytokine engaged in the pathogenesis of AD, inhibit IL-37 expression [35].