TP53 and neoplasm: Moreover, TAMs seem to be involved in a paracrine loop in the tumor microenvironment, whereby tumor-released factors activate p53 (a member of the transcription factor family that also includes p63 and p73) in local macrophages, in turn driving them to express cytokines that may further promote tumorigenesis, potentially both through direct effects on the tumor and by promoting the infiltration of other inflammatory cells [17].