TNF and hereditary elliptocytosis: Regarding HE animal models, in acetaminophen-induced ALF mice increased BBB permeability positively correlates with blood TNFα level, a pleiotropic cytokine and key mediator of inflammation that regulates numerous physiological functions including the development of autoimmunity; the BBB changes in this model were found prevented by anti-TNFα-IgG administration [45].