GFAP and cerebral cavernous malformation: Triple immunostaining for MIB1, GFAP and GAL3 confirmed reactive astrocyte proliferation (Fig. 6d,e) with 4.4% MIB1+ among GFAP+ astrocytes in TBI at comparable levels to the mild and moderate gliosis in the CCM condition (Fig. 6e and Extended Data Fig. 2g).