ATF3 and Sepsis: Recombinant HDL treatment can protect animal models of sepsis from organ damage and improve survival rates.[36] HDL regulates the inflammatory pathway in sepsis via the transcription regulatory factor ATF3 and can also protect endothelial cells.[37] Lower HDL-C levels are associated with early onset of sepsis, increased risk of organ failures, and higher sepsis related mortality rates.[38,39] Genetic analysis of HDL-C PRS, CETP PRS, and rs1800777 demonstrated a strong association between clinically measured HDL-C levels and sepsis risk.