Twenty-one of the 73 disease-associated TCRβ chains were derived from CD4 PPI TCRs, and nearly all of these 21 TCRβs were present at higher sample frequencies and template numbers in the new-onset cohort compared to cases during preclinical T1D progression (TCRs 1 to 21; Fig. 5A). The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.