TFAP2A and Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome: Furthermore, biochemical studies suggest that dominant mutations in TFAP2A or TFAP2B – resulting in branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (MIM: 113620) (Milunsky et al., 2008) or Char syndrome (MIM: 169100) (Satoda et al., 2000), respectively – create mutant proteins that may interfere with other TFAP2 paralogs (Li et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2023).