ATF3 and infection: Noteworthy, Arrestin Domain Containing 4 (Arrdc4), Thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip), and Activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), which were among the most extensively upregulated genes common to all cardiomyocyte infection conditions, may hinder glucose uptake and lead to apoptosis in vitro as shown in murine cardiomyocytes and T. cruzi-infected human fibroblasts [76–80].