In line with the critical involvement of NSCLC-derived exosomes in NSCLC-T cell interaction, exosomes from CD39-deficient NSCLC cells substantially lost their ability to drive the mal-differentiation of CD4+ T cells, resulting in higher Teff cells and lower Treg cells (Fig. 5G, S8E). The gene discussed is ENTPD1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.