Meanwhile, CD45RA+ fractions within circulating CD4+ T cells were similar (Fig. S7F), we observed that CD4+ T cells from the circulation of NSCLC patients exerted mal-differentiation, showing decreased Teff cells and increased Treg cells (Fig. 4I, S7G), assigning a cell-cell-contact independent mechanism underlying the mal-differentiation of patients’ T cells. Here, CD4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.