Vaginal infection with C. albicans resulted in a strong inflammatory response, including elevated concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and CxCL-2 (a murine cytokine with similarities to human IL-8) (Fig. 4A-B), as well as neutrophil infiltration (Fig. 4C, Fig S6). Here, IL1B is linked to infective vaginitis.