VAV1 and viral infectious disease: There is evidence that Vav proteins can affect cell signaling during other viral infections, through interactions with viral proteins such as HIV nef (22, 23), murine hepatitis virus (MHV)−68 M2 (24), and Epstein Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) protein (25, 26), and influencing the viral replication cycle for instance by induction of MHV-68 latency in B-cells (27) and increased HTLV-I proviral load (28, –, 30).