Studies have shown that Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), which is the main monomeric component (approximately 21.3%) of TAS, can regulate glucose and insulin levels, improve blood lipid metabolism, reduce oxidative stress damage in the liver, improve IR, positively regulate the abundance and diversity of intestinal microbiota, and increase butyric acid levels in mice with T2DM (14, 15). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.