PDCD1 and cancer: Anti-cancer efficacy was observed in mice treated with oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L (vs. mock, p ≤ 0.05), AdV5/3-D24, combination therapy (AdV5/3-D24 with anti-PD-1 vs. mock, p ≤ 0.05), and when mice received Ad5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L + anti-PD-1.