Improved anti-cancer efficacy was observed in combination therapy with AdV5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L plus anti-PD-1 versus mock (p ≤ 0.01) and in mice treated with AdV5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L (vs. mock, p ≤ 0.05) (Figure 3A). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.