In fact, improved anti-cancer efficacy was observed in humanized xenograft H226 mesothelioma NSG mouse model [improved anti-cancer efficacy was observed in combination therapy with AdV5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L plus anti-PD-1 versus mock (p ≤ 0.01) and in mice treated with AdV5/3-D24-ICOSL-CD40L (vs. mock, p ≤ 0.05)] implying the suitable entry of adenovirus in the tumor cells, which can further lead to better anti-cancer effectiveness of the proposed therapy. Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.