TNF and cancer: Similar data have been also reported by Hemminki lab where i.t. administration of oncolytic adenovirus expressing TNFa and IL-2 improved systemic response to anti-PD-1 therapy, by re-shaping the TME of both injected and non-injected tumors (22), further supporting the rationale for combination of anti-PD-1 with oncolytic vectors virus for the treatment of human cancer.