ADCYAP1R1 and Anxiety: Recently, it has been shown that antagonism of PAC1R within the BNST is able to reduce dependence-induced excessive drinking as well as heightened anxiety-like behavior in rats exposed to alcohol vapors (Ferragud et al., 2021); hence, also considering the immunohistochemical data showing increased PACAP levels in the BNST in both models, we can conclude that chronic, intermittent exposure to ethanol consistently recruits the PACAP system of the BNST.