This membrane fragility is viewed as the primary deficit in dystrophin-deficient skeletal myofibers and cardiomyocytes where membrane damage is the initial cellular insult leading to a host of downstream consequences (Bloch and Gonzalez-Serratos, 2003; Ervasti, 2003; Houang et al., 2018; Townsend et al., 2011; Yasuda et al., 2005), reflected by elevated serum proteins of both skeletal and cardiac origin in patients with DMD (Hathout et al., 2015; Spurney et al., 2021). Here, DMD is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.